Effects of morphine, lidocaine, ketamine, and morphine-lidocaine-ketamine drug combination on minimum alveolar concentration in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane

Abstract

Objective—To determine the effects of constant rate infusion of morphine, lidocaine, ketamine, and morphine-lidocaine-ketamine (MLK) combination on endtidal isoflurane concentration (ET-Iso) and minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) in dogs anesthetized with …